The CIA World Factbook Every edition, 1990 to 2024 Antarctic Region
Environment - current issues Antarctica, in 33 editions.
The entry for Antarctica published Environment - current issues in 33 editions of 35, from 1990 to 2024. The text changed in 14 editions. Each is shown as published. Environment - current issues in every entry.
- editions changed the text
- 14
- the first edition with it
- 1990
- the latest edition with it
- 2024
Published as “Environment” (1990 to 1996), “Environment - current issues” (1997 to 2024), “Environment-current issues” (1998) and “Environment--current issues” (1999).
field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe edition shownChoose an edition on the strip beside the text, or step through them with the arrows. Mark changes compares it with the edition before: the marks are ours, words added and words removed.
2024 edition
Same as 2023Published as “Environment”
- mostly uninhabitable;
- katabatic (gravity) winds blow coastward from the high interior;
- frequent blizzards form near the foot of the plateau;
- cyclonic storms form over the ocean and move clockwise around the coast;
- during summer more solar radiation reaches the surface at the South Pole than is received at the Equator in an equivalent period;
- in October 1987 it was reported that the ozone shield, which protects the Earth's surface from harmful ultraviolet radiation, has dwindled to its lowest level ever over Antarctica;
- subject to active volcanism (Deception Island)
mostly uninhabitable; katabatic (gravity) winds blow coastward from the high interior; frequent blizzards form near the foot of the plateau; cyclonic storms form over the ocean and move clockwise around the coast; during summer more solar radiation reaches the surface at the South Pole than is received at the Equator in an equivalent period; in October 1987 it was reported that the ozone shield, which protects the Earth's surface from harmful ultraviolet radiation, has dwindled to its lowest level ever over Antarctica; subject to active volcanism (Deception Island)
Published as “Environment”
- mostly uninhabitable;
- katabatic (gravity) winds blow coastward from the high interior;
- frequent blizzards form near the foot of the plateau;
- cyclonic storms form over the ocean and move clockwise around the coast, as does a circumpolar ocean current;
- during summer more solar radiation reaches the surface at the South Pole than is received at the Equator in an equivalent period;
- in April 1991 it was reported that the ozone shield, which protects the Earth's surface from harmful ultraviolet radiation, had dwindled to its lowest level ever over Antarctica;
- subject to active volcanism (Deception Island and isolated areas of West Antarctica);
- other seismic activity rare and weak
mostly uninhabitable; katabatic (gravity) winds blow coastward from the high interior; frequent blizzards form near the foot of the plateau; cyclonic storms form over the ocean and move clockwise around the coast; coast, as does a circumpolar ocean current; during summer more solar radiation reaches the surface at the South Pole than is received at the Equator in an equivalent period; in October 1987 April 1991 it was reported that the ozone shield, which protects the Earth's surface from harmful ultraviolet radiation, has had dwindled to its lowest level ever over Antarctica; subject to active volcanism (Deception Island) Island and isolated areas of West Antarctica); other seismic activity rare and weak
Published as “Environment”
- mostly uninhabitable;
- katabatic (gravity-driven) winds blow coastward from the high interior;
- frequent blizzards form near the foot of the plateau;
- a circumpolar ocean current flows clockwise along the coast as do cyclonic storms that form over the ocean;
- during summer more solar radiation reaches the surface at the South Pole than is received at the Equator in an equivalent period;
- in October 1991 it was reported that the ozone shield, which protects the Earth's surface from harmful ultraviolet radiation, had dwindled to its lowest level ever over Antarctica;
- active volcanism on Deception Island and isolated areas of West Antarctica;
- other seismic activity rare and weak
mostly uninhabitable; katabatic (gravity) (gravity-driven) winds blow coastward from
the high interior; frequent blizzards form near the foot of the plateau; a
circumpolar ocean current flows clockwise along the coast as do cyclonic
storms that form over the ocean and move clockwise around the coast, as does a circumpolar ocean current; ocean; during summer more solar radiation reaches
the surface at the South Pole than is received at the Equator in an
equivalent period; in April October 1991 it was reported that the ozone shield,
which protects the Earth's surface from harmful ultraviolet radiation, had
dwindled to its lowest level ever over Antarctica; subject to active volcanism (Deception on
Deception Island and isolated areas of West Antarctica); Antarctica; other seismic
activity rare and weak
Published as “Environment”
- mostly uninhabitable;
- katabatic (gravity-driven) winds blow coastward from the high interior;
- frequent blizzards form near the foot of the plateau;
- a circumpolar ocean current flows clockwise along the coast as do cyclonic storms that form over the ocean;
- during summer more solar radiation reaches the surface at the South Pole than is received at the Equator in an equivalent period;
- in October 1991 it was reported that the ozone shield, which protects the Earth's surface from harmful ultraviolet radiation, had dwindled to the lowest level ever recorded over Antarctica;
- active volcanism on Deception Island and isolated areas of West Antarctica;
- other seismic activity rare and weak
mostly uninhabitable; katabatic (gravity-driven) winds blow coastward from
the high interior; frequent blizzards form near the foot of the plateau; a
circumpolar ocean current flows clockwise along the coast as do cyclonic
storms that form over the ocean; during summer more solar radiation reaches
the surface at the South Pole than is received at the Equator in an
equivalent period; in October 1991 it was reported that the ozone shield,
which protects the Earth's surface from harmful ultraviolet radiation, had
dwindled to its the lowest level ever recorded over Antarctica; active volcanism on
on Deception Island and isolated areas of West Antarctica; other seismic
activity rare and weak
The entry for Antarctica did not include Environment - current issues.
Published as “Environment”
- current issues:
- in October 1991 it was reported that the ozone shield, which protects the Earth's surface from harmful ultraviolet radiation, had dwindled to the lowest level recorded over Antarctica since 1975 when measurements were first taken
- natural hazards:
- katabatic (gravity-driven) winds blow coastward from the high interior;
- frequent blizzards form near the foot of the plateau;
- cyclonic storms form over the ocean and move clockwise along the coast;
- volcanism on Deception Island and isolated areas of West Antarctica;
- other seismic activity rare and weak
- international agreements:
- NA
mostly uninhabitable; katabatic (gravity-driven) winds blow coastward from current
the high interior; frequent blizzards form near the foot of the plateau; a
circumpolar oceanflows clockwise along the coast as do cyclonic issues: in October 1991 it was reported that the ozone shield,
storms that form over the ocean; during summer more solar radiation reaches
the surface at the South Pole than is received at the Equator in an
equivalent period;
which protects the Earth's surface from harmful ultraviolet radiation, had
had dwindled to the lowest level ever recorded over Antarctica; active volcanism Antarctica since 1975
when measurements were first taken
natural hazards: katabatic (gravity-driven) winds blow coastward from
the high interior; frequent blizzards form near the foot of the
plateau; cyclonic storms form over the ocean and move clockwise along
the coast; volcanism on Deception Island and isolated areas of West
Antarctica; other seismic
international agreements: NA
Published as “Environment”
- current issues:
- in October 1991 it was reported that the ozone shield, which protects the Earth's surface from harmful ultraviolet radiation, had dwindled to the lowest level recorded over Antarctica since 1975 when measurements were first taken
- natural hazards:
- katabatic (gravity-driven) winds blow coastward from the high interior;
- frequent blizzards form near the foot of the plateau;
- cyclonic storms form over the ocean and move clockwise along the coast;
- volcanism on Deception Island and isolated areas of West Antarctica;
- other seismic activity rare and weak
- international agreements:
- NA
current issues: in October 1991 it was reported that the ozone shield,
shield, which protects the Earth's surface from harmful ultraviolet radiation,
radiation, had dwindled to the lowest level recorded over Antarctica
since 1975
natural hazards: katabatic (gravity-driven) winds blow coastward from
from the high interior; frequent blizzards form near the foot of the
plateau; cyclonic storms form over the ocean and move clockwise along
along the coast; volcanism on Deception Island and isolated areas of West
West Antarctica; other seismic activity rare and weak
international agreements: NA
in 1995 it was reported that the ozone shield, which protects the Earth's surface from harmful ultraviolet radiation, had dwindled to the lowest level recorded over Antarctica since 1975 when measurements were first taken
current issues: in October 1991 1995 it was reported that the ozone
shield, which protects the Earth's surface from harmful ultraviolet
radiation, had dwindled to the lowest level recorded over Antarctica
since 1975 when measurements were first taken
natural hazards: katabatic (gravity-driven) winds blow coastward
from the high interior; frequent blizzards form near the foot of the
plateau; cyclonic storms form over the ocean and move clockwise
along the coast; volcanism on Deception Island and isolated areas of
West Antarctica; other seismic activity rare and weak
international agreements: NA
Published as “Environment-current issues”
in 1995 it was reported that the ozone shield, which protects the Earth's surface from harmful ultraviolet radiation, had dwindled to the lowest level recorded over Antarctica since 1975 when measurements were first taken
in 1995 it was reported that the ozone
shield, which protects the Earth's surface from harmful ultraviolet
radiation, had dwindled to the lowest level recorded over Antarctica
since 1975 when measurements were first taken
Published as “Environment--current issues”
- in 1998, NASA satellite data showed that the antarctic ozone hole was the largest on record, covering 27 million square kilometers;
- researchers in 1997 found that increased ultraviolet light coming through the hole damages the DNA of icefish, an antarctic fish lacking hemoglobin;
- ozone depletion earlier was shown to harm one-celled antarctic marine plants
Rewritten: too little of the 1998 text remains to mark the changes.
in 1998, NASA satellite data showed
that the antarctic ozone hole was the largest on record, covering 27
million square kilometers; researchers in 1997 found that increased
ultraviolet light coming through the hole damages the DNA of
icefish, an antarctic fish lacking hemoglobin; ozone depletion
earlier was shown to harm one-celled antarctic marine plants
The same text in 2000 and 2001.
- in 1998, NASA satellite data showed that the antarctic ozone hole was the largest on record, covering 27 million square kilometers;
- researchers in 1997 found that increased ultraviolet light coming through the hole damages the DNA of icefish, an antarctic fish lacking hemoglobin;
- ozone depletion earlier was shown to harm one-celled antarctic marine plants
in 1998, NASA satellite data showed
The same text in 3 editions, 2002 to 2004.
- in 1998, NASA satellite data showed that the antarctic ozone hole was the largest on record, covering 27 million square kilometers;
- researchers in 1997 found that increased ultraviolet light coming through the hole damages the DNA of icefish, an antarctic fish lacking hemoglobin;
- ozone depletion earlier was shown to harm one-celled antarctic marine plants;
- in 2002, significant areas of ice shelves disintegrated in response to regional warming
in 1998, NASA satellite data showed that the antarctic ozone hole was the largest on record, covering 27 million square kilometers; researchers in 1997 found that increased ultraviolet light coming through the hole damages the DNA of icefish, an antarctic fish lacking hemoglobin; ozone depletion earlier was shown to harm one-celled antarctic marine plants plants; in 2002, significant areas of ice shelves disintegrated in response to regional warming
- in 1998, NASA satellite data showed that the antarctic ozone hole was the largest on record, covering 27 million square kilometers;
- researchers in 1997 found that increased ultraviolet light passing through the hole damages the DNA of icefish, an antarctic fish lacking hemoglobin;
- ozone depletion earlier was shown to harm one-celled antarctic marine plants;
- in 2002, significant areas of ice shelves disintegrated in response to regional warming
in 1998, NASA satellite data showed that the antarctic ozone hole was the largest on record, covering 27 million square kilometers; researchers in 1997 found that increased ultraviolet light coming passing through the hole damages the DNA of icefish, an antarctic fish lacking hemoglobin; ozone depletion earlier was shown to harm one-celled antarctic marine plants; in 2002, significant areas of ice shelves disintegrated in response to regional warming
The same text in 9 editions, 2006 to 2014.
- in 1998, NASA satellite data showed that the Antarctic ozone hole was the largest on record, covering 27 million square kilometers;
- researchers in 1997 found that increased ultraviolet light passing through the hole damages the DNA of icefish, an Antarctic fish lacking hemoglobin;
- ozone depletion earlier was shown to harm one-celled Antarctic marine plants;
- in 2002, significant areas of ice shelves disintegrated in response to regional warming
in 1998, NASA satellite data showed that the antarctic Antarctic ozone hole was the largest on record, covering 27 million square kilometers; researchers in 1997 found that increased ultraviolet light passing through the hole damages the DNA of icefish, an antarctic Antarctic fish lacking hemoglobin; ozone depletion earlier was shown to harm one-celled antarctic Antarctic marine plants; in 2002, significant areas of ice shelves disintegrated in response to regional warming
- the discovery of a large Antarctic ozone hole in the earth's stratosphere (the ozone layer) - first announced in 1985 - spurred the signing of the Montreal Protocol in 1987, an international agreement phasing out the use of ozone-depleting chemicals;
- the ozone layer prevents most harmful wavelengths of ultra-violet (UV) light from passing through the earth's atmosphere;
- ozone depletion has been shown to harm a variety of Antarctic marine plants and animals (plankton);
- in 2002, significant areas of ice shelves disintegrated in response to regional warming;
- in 2016, a very gradual trend toward "healing" of the ozone hole was reported
Rewritten: too little of the 2014 text remains to mark the changes.
the discovery of a large Antarctic ozone hole in the earth's stratosphere (the ozone layer) - first announced in 1985 - spurred the signing of the Montreal Protocol in 1987, an international agreement phasing out the use of ozone-depleting chemicals; the ozone layer prevents most harmful wavelengths of ultra-violet (UV) light from passing through the earth's atmosphere; ozone depletion has been shown to harm a variety of Antarctic marine plants and animals (plankton); in 2002, significant areas of ice shelves disintegrated in response to regional warming; in 2016, a very gradual trend toward "healing" of the ozone hole was reported
The same text in 2017 and 2018.
- the discovery of a large Antarctic ozone hole in the earth's stratosphere (the ozone layer) - first announced in 1985 - spurred the signing of the Montreal Protocol in 1987, an international agreement phasing out the use of ozone-depleting chemicals;
- the ozone layer prevents most harmful wavelengths of ultra-violet (UV) light from passing through the earth's atmosphere;
- ozone depletion has been shown to harm a variety of Antarctic marine plants and animals (plankton);
- in 2002, significant areas of ice shelves disintegrated in response to regional warming;
- in 2016, a gradual trend toward "healing" of the ozone hole was reported
the discovery of a large Antarctic ozone hole in the earth's stratosphere (the ozone layer) - first announced in 1985 - spurred the signing of the Montreal Protocol in 1987, an international agreement phasing out the use of ozone-depleting chemicals; the ozone layer prevents most harmful wavelengths of ultra-violet (UV) light from passing through the earth's atmosphere; ozone depletion has been shown to harm a variety of Antarctic marine plants and animals (plankton); in 2002, significant areas of ice shelves disintegrated in response to regional warming; in 2016, a very gradual trend toward "healing" of the ozone hole was reported
The same text in 6 editions, 2019 to 2024.
- the discovery of a large Antarctic ozone hole in the earth's stratosphere (the ozone layer) - first announced in 1985 - spurred the signing of the Montreal Protocol in 1987, an international agreement phasing out the use of ozone-depleting chemicals;
- the ozone layer prevents most harmful wavelengths of ultra-violet (UV) light from passing through the earth's atmosphere;
- ozone depletion has been shown to harm a variety of Antarctic marine plants and animals (plankton);
- in 2016, a gradual trend toward "healing" of the ozone hole was reported;
- since the 1990s, satellites have shown accelerating ice loss driven by ocean change;
- although considerable uncertainty remains, scientists are increasing our understanding and ability to model potential impacts of ice loss
the discovery of a large Antarctic ozone hole in the earth's stratosphere (the ozone layer) - first announced in 1985 - spurred the signing of the Montreal Protocol in 1987, an international agreement phasing out the use of ozone-depleting chemicals; the ozone layer prevents most harmful wavelengths of ultra-violet (UV) light from passing through the earth's atmosphere; ozone depletion has been shown to harm a variety of Antarctic marine plants and animals (plankton); in 2002, significant areas of ice shelves disintegrated in response to regional warming; in 2016, a gradual trend toward "healing" of the ozone hole was reported reported; since the 1990s, satellites have shown accelerating ice loss driven by ocean change; although considerable uncertainty remains, scientists are increasing our understanding and ability to model potential impacts of ice loss
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Cite this page
Central Intelligence Agency. “Antarctica: Environment - current issues.” The World Factbook, 1990–2024 editions. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/antarctica/environment-current-issues.