Peru

total:

20.13 cu km/yr (8%/10%/82%)

per capita:

720 cu m/yr (2000)

• deforestation (some the result of illegal logging);
• overgrazing of the slopes of the costa and sierra leading to soil erosion;
• desertification;
• air pollution in Lima;
• pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes

party to:

Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified:

none of the selected agreements

• shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with Bolivia;
• a remote slope of Nevado Mismi, a 5,316 m peak, is the ultimate source of the Amazon River

noun:

Peruvian(s)

adjective:

Peruvian

at birth:

1.046 male(s)/female

under 15 years:

1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years:

1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over:

0.89 male(s)/female

total population:

1.01 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

degree of risk:

very high

food or waterborne diseases:

bacterial, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

vectorborne disease:

dengue fever, malaria, and yellow fever

water contact disease:

leptospirosis (2009)

conventional long form:

Republic of Peru

conventional short form:

Peru

local long form:

Republica del Peru

local short form:

Peru

name:

Lima

geographic coordinates:

12 03 S, 77 03 W

time difference:

UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC during Standard Time)

• 25 regions (regiones, singular - region) and 1 province* (provincia);
• Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Lima*, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali

chief of state:

• President Ollanta HUMALA Tasso (since 28 July 2011);
• First Vice President Marisol ESPINOZA Cruz (since 28 July 2011);
• Second Vice President Omar CHEHADE (since 28 July 2011);
• note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government:

• President Ollanta HUMALA Tasso (since 28 July 2011);
• First Vice President Marisol ESPINOZA Cruz (since 28 July 2011);
• Second Vice President Omar CHEHADE (since 28 July 2011)

note: Prime Minister Oscar VALDES Dancuart (since 11 December 2011) does not exercise executive power; this power rests with the president

cabinet:

Council of Ministers appointed by the president; (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website)

elections:

• president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for nonconsecutive reelection);
• presidential and congressional elections last held on 10 April 2011 with runoff election held on 6 June 2011 (next to be held in April 2016)

election results:

Ollanta HUMALA Tasso elected president in runoff election; percent of vote - Ollanta HUMALA Tasso 51.5%, Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi 48.5%

• Alliance for Great Change (Alianza por el Gran Cambio) (a coalition of the Alliance for Progress, Humanist Party, National Restoration Party, and Popular Christian Party) [Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI];
• Fuerza 2011 [Keiko FUJIMORI];
• Gana Peru (a coalition of Lima Para Todos, Peruvian Communist Party, Peruvian Nationalist Party, and Peruvian Socialist Party) [Ollanta HUMALA Tasso];
• National Solidarity (Solidaridad Nacional) or SN (a coalition of Cambio 90, Siempre Unidos, Todos por el Peru, and Union for Peru or UPP) [Luis CASTANEDA Lossio];
• Peru Posible or PP (a coalition of Accion Popular and Somos Peru) [Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique];
• Peruvian Aprista Party (Partido Aprista Peruano) or PAP [Alan GARCIA Perez] (also referred to by its original name Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana or APRA)

• General Workers Confederation of Peru (Confederacion General de Trabajadores del Peru) or CGTP [Mario HUAMAN];
• Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso) or SL [Abimael GUZMAN Reynoso (imprisoned), Victor QUISPE Palomino (top leader at-large)] (leftist guerrilla group)

chief of mission:

Ambassador Harold Winston FORSYTH Mejia

chancery:

1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036

telephone:

[1] (202) 833-9860 through 9869

FAX:

[1] (202) 659-8124

consulate(s) general:

Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Hartford, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey), San Francisco

chief of mission:

Ambassador Rose M. LIKINS

embassy:

Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17 s/n, Surco, Lima 33

mailing address:

P. O. Box 1995, Lima 1; American Embassy (Lima), APO AA 34031-5000

telephone:

[51] (1) 618-2000

FAX:

[51] (1) 618-2397

• three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band;
• the coat of arms features a shield bearing a vicuna (representing fauna), a cinchona tree (the source of quinine, signifying flora), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out coins (denoting mineral wealth);
• red recalls blood shed for independence, white symbolizes peace

name:

"Himno Nacional del Peru" (National Anthem of Peru)

lyrics/music:

Jose DE LA TORRE Ugarte/Jose Bernardo ALZEDO

note: adopted 1822; the song won a national contest for an anthem

agriculture:

0.7%

industry:

23.8%

services:

75.5% (2005)

lowest 10%:

1.4%

highest 10%:

35.9% (2009)

• asparagus, coffee, cocoa, cotton, sugarcane, rice, potatoes, corn, plantains, grapes, oranges, pineapples, guavas, bananas, apples, lemons, pears, coca, tomatoes, mango, barley, medicinal plants, palm oil, marigold, onion, wheat, dry beans;
• poultry, beef, dairy products;
• fish;
• guinea pigs

• mining and refining of minerals;
• steel, metal fabrication;
• petroleum extraction and refining, natural gas and natural gas liquefaction;
• fishing and fish processing, cement, textiles, clothing, food processing

• copper, gold, zinc, tin, iron ore, molybdenum;
• crude petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas;
• coffee, potatoes, asparagus and other vegetables, fruit, apparel and textiles, fishmeal

general assessment:

adequate for most requirements; nationwide microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations

domestic:

• fixed-line teledensity is only about 10 per 100 persons;
• mobile-cellular teledensity, spurred by competition among multiple providers, has increased to roughly 85 telephones per 100 persons

international:

• country code - 51;
• the South America-1 (SAM-1) and Pan American (PAN-AM) submarine cable systems provide links to parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, and US;
• satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2009)

• 10 major television networks of which only one, Television Nacional de Peru, is state-owned;
• multi-channel cable TV services are available;
• in excess of 2,000 radio stations including a substantial number of indigenous language stations (2010)

• extra heavy crude 533 km;
• gas 1,526 km;
• liquid petroleum gas 679 km;
• oil 1,033 km;
• refined products 15 km (2010)

total:

2,020 km

country comparison to the world: 73

standard gauge:

1,886 km 1.435-m gauge

narrow gauge:

134 km 0.914-m gauge (2010)

males age 16-49:

7,385,588

females age 16-49:

7,727,623 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49:

5,788,629

females age 16-49:

6,565,097 (2010 est.)

male:

304,094

female:

298,447 (2010 est.)

• Chile and Ecuador rejected Peru's November 2005 unilateral legislation to shift the axis of their joint treaty-defined maritime boundaries along the parallels of latitude to equidistance lines which favor Peru;
• organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia have penetrated Peru's shared border;
• Peru rejects Bolivia's claim to restore maritime access through a sovereign corridor through Chile along the Peruvian border

• until 1996 the world's largest coca leaf producer, Peru is now the world's second largest producer of coca leaf, though it lags far behind Colombia;
• cultivation of coca in Peru was estimated at 40,000 hectares in 2009, a slight decrease over 2008;
• second largest producer of cocaine, estimated at 225 metric tons of potential pure cocaine in 2009;
• finished cocaine is shipped out from Pacific ports to the international drug market;
• increasing amounts of base and finished cocaine, however, are being moved to Brazil, Chile, Argentina, and Bolivia for use in the Southern Cone or transshipment to Europe and Africa;
• increasing domestic drug consumption (2011)